Synthetic Route of 3682-14-2, Because a catalyst decreases the height of the energy barrier, its presence increases the reaction rates of both the forward and the reverse reactions by the same amount.3682-14-2, Name is 6-Amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione, molecular formula is C8H7N3O2. In a article£¬once mentioned of 3682-14-2
NADPH oxidase gp91phox contributes to RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by upregulating NFATc1
Bone-marrow derived monocyte-macrophages (BMMs) differentiate into osteoclasts by M-CSF along subsequent RANKL stimulation possibly in collaboration with many other unknown cytokines released by pre- or mature osteoblasts. The differentiation process requires receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion (O2?-). Gp91 phox, a plasma membrane subunit of NADPH oxidase (Nox), is constitutively expressed in BMMs and plays a major role in superoxide anion production. In this study, we found that mice deficient in gp91 phox (gp91phox-/-) showed defects in osteoclast differentiation. Femurs of these mice produced osteoclasts at about 70% of the levels seen in femurs from wild-type mice, and accordingly exhibited excessive bone density. This abnormal bone growth in the femurs of gp91phox-/- mice resulted from impaired osteoclast differentiation. In addition, gp91phox-/- mice were defective for RANKL-induced expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1). However, H2O2 treatment compensated for gp91 phox deficiency in BMMs, almost completely rescuing osteoclast differentiation. Treating wild-type BMMs with antioxidants and superoxide inhibitors resulted in a differentiation defect resembling the phenotype of gp91phox-/- BMMs. Therefore, our results demonstrate that gp91phox-derived superoxide is important for promoting efficient osteoclast differentiation by inducing NFATc1 as a downstream signaling mediator of RANK.
A reaction mechanism is the microscopic path by which reactants are transformed into products. Each step is an elementary reaction. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 3682-14-2
Reference£º
Phthalazine – Wikipedia,
Phthalazine | C8H6N582 – PubChem