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Peroxisome proliferated activated receptors (PPARs): Opportunities and challenges for ocular therapy
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear transcription factors. They exist in three isoforms (PPAR-alpha, PPAR-beta/delta, and PPAR-gamma) in humans, but mainly PPAR-gamma, and they are expressed in retinal epithelial pigment. PPARs are involved in mediatingnumerous pathological implications in eye such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), choroidalneovascularization (CNV), glaucoma, diabetic macular edema, and other retinal diseases. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are key players in various biological pathways like lipid degeneration, immune regulation, and reactive oxygen species regulation, regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrixmetalloproteinase-9, and docosahexaenoicacid pathway. Based on evidence from clinical investigations, the drugs meant for PPARs could be promising candidates for intraocular therapy. Anti-VEGF therapy, including bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aptamers (pegaptanib), has been approved for wet age-related maculardegeneration (ARMD). Recently, researchers have explored the role of PPAR-gamma in ocularpathophysiological processes and PPAR-gamma agonists as novel adjuvants in the treatment of eyediseases. PPAR-gamma exhibits potential benefits to improve or prevent various vision-threateningeye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), keratitis, and optic neuropathy. However, PPAR-gamma presents challenges and offers opportunitiesfor ocular scientists to bring better outcomes.
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Reference£º
Phthalazine – Wikipedia,
Phthalazine | C8H6N875 – PubChem