Category: 253-52-1

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A New Linear Dichroism Approach for Determining Solute Orientations within Anionic Micelles

The building units of lyotropic nematic liquid crystals are weakly anisometric micelles.Their macroscopic orientation may be achieved by magnetic fields.The very sensitive liquid crystal linear dichroism (LCLD) technique may therefore be applied to study local preferred orientations and also solubilization sites of aromatic guest molecules within these nonspherical host micelles.The orientational information thus obtained may be directly transferred and utilized in chemically corresponding classical micellar solutions.This new approach to the study of micellar systems and their catalytic processes cannot be followed within classical spherical micelles because of the isotropy of their solutions.A model of solubilization is presented which allows orientational order parameters to be interpreted on a stereochemical basis.All the aromatic hydrocarbons reported in this paper tended to be preferentially oriented by “radical intercalation” modes within the host micelle.Heterocyclic nitrogens in the guest molecular frameworks drastically affected the preferred orientations.All these nitrogen-induced effects may be ascribed to strong specific grasping of the guest heterocyclic nitrogens at the polar micelle surface.

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Phthalazine – Wikipedia,
Phthalazine | C8H6N385 – PubChem

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Visible-Light-Initiated, Photocatalyst-Free Decarboxylative Coupling of Carboxylic Acids with N-Heterocycles

A general and efficient protocol for direct C-H alkylation and acylation of N-heterocycles, using readily accessible carboxylic acids as radical precursors under visible-light irradiation without a photocatalyst and an additional acid additive, has been developed. This protocol provides expedient access to substituted N-heterocycles under mild and metal-free conditions. Mechanistic experiments indicate that this reaction proceeds through a visible-light-initiated radical chain propagation mechanism.

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Phthalazine – Wikipedia,
Phthalazine | C8H6N511 – PubChem

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A time-resolved EPR study of short-lived triplet states: Host and temperature dependences of triplet properties of phthalazine

The triplet properties of phthalazine are investigated by means of the time-resolved EPR technique with laser excitation in various hosts over a wide range of temperature.The host and temperature dependences are interpreted satisfactorily in terms of the vibronic mixing between the 3n?* and 3??* states.From the host dependences of the EPR parameters the zfs of the pure 3n?* state of phthalazine is deduced to be Xn = 0.027 cm-1, Yn = -0.058 cm-1, and Zn = 0.031 cm-1.The fraction of the 3n?* character of the T1 state is estimated to be ca. 0percent in ethanol, benzoic acid (BAC), and 1, 4-dichlorobenzene (DCB), 14percent in 1, 2, 4, 5- tetrachlorobenzene (TCB), 60percent in biphenyl (BP), and 84percent in durene.The temperature dependences of the zfs, linewidth, phosphorescence spectrum, and lifetime are investigated and the results are explained using a continuum model.From the simulation of the temperature dependence of the triplet lifetime in the DCB host the decay rate constant of the second excited triplet (3n?*) state is estimated to be 2.5X104 s-1.A drastic increase of the decay rate at higher temperatures suggests the presence of a higher 3n?* state with a decay rate constant of ca. 106 s-1.Possible causes for the lack of phosphorescence and fast radiationless decay are also discussed.

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Phthalazine – Wikipedia,
Phthalazine | C8H6N444 – PubChem

Related Products of 253-52-1, Chemistry is the science of change. But why do chemical reactions take place? Why do chemicals react with each other? The answer is in thermodynamics and kinetics.In a document type is Review, and a compound is mentioned, 253-52-1, Phthalazine, introducing its new discovery.

Aldehyde oxidase and its role as a drug metabolizing enzyme

Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a cytosolic enzyme that belongs to the family of structurally related molybdoflavoproteins like xanthine oxidase (XO). The enzyme is characterized by broad substrate specificity and marked species differences. It catalyzes the oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and various heteroaromatic rings as well as reduction of several functional groups. The references to AO and its role in metabolism date back to the 1950s, but the importance of this enzyme in the metabolism of drugs has emerged in the past fifteen years. Several reviews on the role of AO in drug metabolism have been published in the past decade indicative of the growing interest in the enzyme and its influence in drug metabolism. Here, we present a comprehensive monograph of AO as a drug metabolizing enzyme with emphasis on marketed drugs as well as other xenobiotics, as substrates and inhibitors. Although the number of drugs that are primarily metabolized by AO are few, the impact of AO on drug development has been extensive. We also discuss the effect of AO on the systemic exposure and clearance these clinical candidates. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of drug discovery compounds involving AO with the focus on developmental candidates that were reported in the past five years with regards to pharmacokinetics and toxicity. While there is only one known report of AO-mediated clinically relevant drug-drug interaction (DDI), a detailed description of inhibitors and inducers of AO known to date has been presented here and the potential risks associated with DDI. The increasing recognition of the importance of AO has led to significant progress in predicting the site of AO-mediated metabolism using computational methods. Additionally, marked species difference in expression of AO makes it is difficult to predict human clearance with high confidence. The progress made towards developing in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches for predicting AO metabolism and estimating human clearance of compounds that are metabolized by AO have also been discussed.

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Phthalazine – Wikipedia,
Phthalazine | C8H6N118 – PubChem

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Iodine-Catalyzed Oxidative Functionalization of Azaarenes with Benzylic C(sp3)-H Bonds via N-Alkylation/Amidation Cascade: Two-Step Synthesis of Isoindolo[2,1-b]isoquinolin-7(5H)-one

An efficient and practical iodine-catalyzed oxidative functionalization of azaarenes with benzylic C-H bonds via an N-alkylation and amidation cascade is developed to provide isoquinolin-1(2H)-ones. This method utilizes readily available unfunctionalized azaarenes and methylarenes as starting materials and proceeds under metal-free conditions with good to excellent yields, avoiding the use of expensive noble metal catalysts and generation of halide and metal wastes. The synthetic utility of this reaction is exemplified by the concise, two-step synthesis of isoindolo[2,1-b]isoquinolin-7(5H)-one.

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Phthalazine – Wikipedia,
Phthalazine | C8H6N270 – PubChem

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Evolution, expression, and substrate specificities of aldehyde oxidase enzymes in eukaryotes

Aldehyde oxidases (AOXs) are a small group of enzymes belonging to the larger family of molybdo-flavoenzymes, along with the well-characterized xanthine oxidoreductase. The two major types of reactions that are catalyzed by AOXs are the hydroxylation of heterocycles and the oxidation of aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids. Different animal species have different complements of AOX genes. The two extremes are represented in humans and rodents; whereas the human genome contains a single active gene (AOX1), those of rodents, such as mice, are endowed with four genes (Aox1-4), clustering on the same chromosome, each encoding a functionally distinct AOX enzyme. It still remains enigmatic why some species have numerous AOX enzymes, whereas others harbor only one functional enzyme. At present, little is known about the physiological relevance of AOX enzymes in humans and their additional forms in other mammals. These enzymes are expressed in the liver and play an important role in the metabolisms of drugs and other xenobiotics. In this review, we discuss the expression, tissue-specific roles, and substrate specificities of the different mammalian AOX enzymes and highlight insights into their physiological roles.

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Phthalazine – Wikipedia,
Phthalazine | C8H6N441 – PubChem

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Aryl- or heteroaryl-based hydrazinylphthalazine derivatives as new potential antitrypanosomal agents

A series of twenty phthalazinyl-hydrazones were synthesized and tested as potential anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents. The phthalazines containing 5-nitroheteroaryl moiety 3l and 3m displayed an excellent in vitro antitrypanosomal profile, exhibiting low micromolar EC50 values against proliferative epimastigote of T. cruzi and minimal toxicity toward Vero cells. These derivatives were more potent than the reference drug benznidazole against the epimastigote stage of the parasite. Structure-property analysis indicates that the highly conjugated 5-nitroheteroaryl moiety connected to the phthalazin scaffold play an important role in the antichagasic activity of these phthalazines. The decrease on the mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and significant ROS production found for the parasites treated with 3l and 3m suggest that both nitro-derivatives can act through an oxidative stress mechanism.

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Phthalazine – Wikipedia,
Phthalazine | C8H6N371 – PubChem

One of the major reasons for studying chemical kinetics is to use measurements of the macroscopic properties of a system, Quality Control of Phthalazine, such as the rate of change in the concentration of reactants or products with time.In a article, mentioned the application of 253-52-1, Name is Phthalazine, molecular formula is C8H6N2

C?H Cyanation of 6-Ring N-Containing Heteroaromatics

Heteroaromatic nitriles are important compounds in drug discovery, both for their prevalence in the clinic and due to the diverse range of transformations they can undergo. As such, efficient and reliable methods to access them have the potential for far-reaching impact across synthetic chemistry and the biomedical sciences. Herein, we report an approach to heteroaromatic C?H cyanation through triflic anhydride activation, nucleophilic addition of cyanide, followed by elimination of trifluoromethanesulfinate to regenerate the cyanated heteroaromatic ring. This one-pot protocol is simple to perform, is applicable to a broad range of decorated 6-ring N-containing heterocycles, and has been shown to be suitable for late-stage functionalization of complex drug-like architectures.

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Phthalazine – Wikipedia,
Phthalazine | C8H6N138 – PubChem

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A general and efficient five-step one-pot procedure leading to nitrogen-bridgehead heterocycles containing an imidazole ring

A very simple annulation reaction was designed, allowing an imidazole moiety to be fused onto a range of pyridine-based derivatives. The methodology consists of an activation step via the formation of a pyridinium salt to increase the electrophilicity of the pyridine ring, followed by a cascade reaction triggered by a nucleophilic attack of the iminium moiety. Depending on the pyridinium salt, it is possible to obtain functionalized imidazole moieties.

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Phthalazine – Wikipedia,
Phthalazine | C8H6N335 – PubChem

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Prospects of fused polycyclic nitroazines as thermally insensitive energetic materials

Novel chemical structures originally proposed as new thermally insensitive explosives were certain zero- to low-hydrogencontent, polynitro, polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds based on nitrogenous heterocycles. The proposed compounds were expected to be high-density materials with explosive yields in the RDX-to-HMX range, but with high melting points, good shock sensitivity, and significantly better thermal stabilities. Originally proposed candidates incorporated 3,6-dinitropyridazine as a structural feature. Based on the experimental results and on conclusions drawn from a careful consideration of principles of reactivity of this general class of compound – polynitroazines – important lessons were learned that are applicable to future choices of practical new energetic materials targets. A conclusion is drawn that the intractability of certain polynitroazine target compounds unavoidably arises from an extraordinary susceptibility to ubiquitous environmental contaminants such as water. The recognition of this structure-property relationship should have an important payoff toward future choices of target compounds.

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Phthalazine – Wikipedia,
Phthalazine | C8H6N102 – PubChem